Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with dehydroepiandrosterone

ABSTRACT

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is treated with dehydroepiandrosterone or its metabolite, sulfate ester, by itself or in combination with other therapies. Substantial improvement in SLE patients is observed during the course of treatment.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/958,911, now abandoned filed Oct. 9, 1992, herein incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The field of this invention concerns the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a debilitating autoimmune disease. Patients with SLE manifest various immunological abnormalities which probably reflect the immunopathological processes occurring concurrently in this multi-system disease. One consistent finding appears to be defective IL-2 production by peripheral blood T-lymphocytes which is independent of age or overall disease activity (Alcocer-Varela and Alarcon-Segovia, J. Clin. Invest. (1982), 69, 1388; Linker-Israeli, et al., J. Immunol. (1983), 130, 2651; Murakawy, et al., ibid (1985), 134, 187). The precise pathological significance of this is unknown. The administration of IL-2 in the murine lupus-like model MRL/lpr attenuated the autoimmune disease (Gutierrez-Ramos, Nature (1990), 346, 27). The sex hormone status of patients with SLE suggests that there is a relative deficiency of androgens (Jungers, et al. Arthritis Rheum. (1982), 25, 454; Lahita, et al. ibid (1983), 26, 1517). The administration of the androgen Danazol to patients with SLE, based on the proposition that there may be a protective effect conferred by androgens, has produced variable benefits with respect to disease activity and autoantibody production (Steinberg, et al., Arthritis Rheum. (1979), 22, 1170; Roubinian, et al., ibid (1979), 22, 1399).

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural androgen that is an intermediate in the synthetic pathway of cholesterol to testosterone and it is the most abundant secretory product of human adrenal glands (Vande Wiele, et al. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. (1963), 19, 275). About 30 mg/day of DHEA is produced by the adrenal glands in the form of the inactive sulfate ester and DHEA serum levels show a striking age-related decline (Barrett-Connor, et al. New Engl. J. Med. (1986), 315, 1519). DHEA has up-regulatory effects on IL-2 production by stimulating human T-cells in vitro. In the NZB/W mouse DHEA was found to profoundly delay the appearance of anti-DNA antibodies as well as the onset of nephritis and to prolong life (Lucas, et al. J. Clin. Invest. (1985), 75, 2091). There have also been reports that the administration of DHEA to MRL/lpr mice with severe lupus-like disease resulted in dramatic reversal of disease activity.

There is, therefore, substantial interest in evaluating the use of DHEA or derivatives thereof as a medication for the treatment of SLE in humans, by itself or in combination with other drugs.

Relevant Literature

Regelson, et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. (1988), 521, 260-273 provides a review of DHEA properties and uses. U.S. Pat. No. 4,628,052 claims the use of DHEA in the treatment of arthritis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

DHEA, metabolites, or derivative thereof is administered to SLE patients at a level to enhance the normal blood level by at least about 10%. One or more doses may be administered daily to maintain the desired concentration, where the DHEA may be administered in conjunction with other drugs conventionally used for the treatment of SLE. The treatment may be continuous, intermittent, or associated with episodic events.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients are treated with a therapy comprising dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or a derivative thereof, optionally in combination with other drug regimens employed for the treatment of SLE. For the most part, DHEA or the metabolite DHEA sulfate will be employed, individually or in combination, where the sulfate will be present as a physiologically-acceptable salt.

The DHEA may be administered in a variety of ways, orally, parenterally, or inhalation. For injection, the DHEA may be injected subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravascularly, etc. Depending upon the manner of introduction, the DHEA may be formulated in a variety of ways. The proportion of therapeutically active to carrier substance may vary from about 0.5-100 wt. %. The compositions can be prepared in various pharmaceutical forms, such as granules, tablets, pills, suppositories, capsules, suspensions, salves, lotions and the like. Pharmaceutical grade organic or inorganic carriers and/or diluents suitable for oral and topical use can be used to make up compositions containing the therapeutically-active compounds. Diluents known to the art include vegetable and animal oils and fats. Stabilizing agents, wetting and emulsifying agents, salts for varying the osmotic pressure or buffers for securing an adequate pH value, and skin penetration enhancers can be used as auxiliary agents.

For oral use, the pharmaceutical composition will generally contain from about 5-100% by weight of the active material. For other uses, the composition will generally have from about 0.5-50 wt. % of the active material.

Various carriers include excipients, tocopherol, dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.

The subject compositions will generally be administered daily, in an amount to provide at least about a 10%, usually at least about 25%, increase in the blood level of DHEA. Generally, the total daily dosage will be at least about 10 mg, usually at least about 25 mg, preferably about 50 mg, and not more than about 500 mg, usually not more than about 250 mg. The amount may vary with the general health of the patient, the response of the patient to the drug, whether the DHEA is used by itself or in combination with other drugs, and the like. Daily administrations may be one or more times, usually not more than about four times, particularly depending upon the level of drug which is administered.

Other drugs which may be used in accordance with conventional treatments include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antimalarials, glucocorticosteroids, etc. These drugs include hydroxychloroquine, prednisone, quinacrine, azathioprine, etc. Dosage for prednisone will generally be from about 1-15, more usually from about 1-12 mg/day. The additional drugs may be administered separately or in conjunction with DHEA and may be formulated in the same formulation with DHEA.

The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.

EXPERIMENTAL

The following study was performed. Eight female pre-menopausal SLE patients with mild to moderate disease were given DHEA 200 mg/day, open label for 3 months, while allowing changes in other medications to be made as clinically indicated. After 3 months, the SLE-disease activity index score (SLE-DAI) had improved by a clinically-significant margin in 5 patients, was unchanged in 2, and had worsened in 1 patient. Of 5 patients who were on prednisone at onset, 3 were able to significantly reduce the dose during the trial (average daily dose of the 5 patients on prednisone: 19.0 mg at onset vs. 13.6 mg after 3 months on DHEA). 7 patients reported a beneficial effect on general well-being, energy level or fatigue, and 5 had significant improvement as determined by a visual analog scale. Physicians' overall assessment of these patients was improved in 5 and unchanged or mixed in 3 patients. Side effects of DHEA in this trial included a transient increase in libido, a transient change in taste perception (1 patient) and mild to moderate acneiform dermatitis. During the 3 months of DHEA therapy, overall, favorable results were seen.

The following tables provide the patient profiles (Table 1), a summary of the outcome measures (Table 2), the tolerance and side effects (Table 3), and medication profiles (Table 4 ).

                                      TABLE 1                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Patient profiles.                                                              Age   Ethnicity                                                                           SLE Prior Manifestations                                                                            Manifestions at Enrollment                     __________________________________________________________________________     SB 36 C    4 yr                                                                               LCV, thrombocytopenia,                                                                          Thrombocytopenia, fatigue,                                    arthritis, fatigue,                                                                             vasculitic skin lesions                                       pleuritis OU, (+) FANA                                          SP 38 C    15                                                                               yr                                                                               MR, OU, alopecia, LAN,                                                                          Arthritis, headaches                                          arthritis, serositis,                                                          fever, CNS, (+) FANA                                            DW 43 C    4 mo                                                                               Myalgias, arthritis, MR,                                                                        Arthritis, myalgias,                                          photosensitive rash,                                                                            fatigue                                                       fatigue, (+) FANA, (+) αDNA                               VC 27 Phil.                                                                               3 yr                                                                               MR, alopecia, arthritis,                                                                        Arthritis, fatigue,                                           OU, fatigue, panniculitis,                                                                      alopecia headache, fever                                      fever, headache, myalgia,                                                      leukocytopenia, (+) FANA,                                                      (+) anti-DNA                                                    MN 42 C    11                                                                               mo                                                                               LCV, arthritis, myalgia,                                                                        Arthralgia, myalgia,                                          fever, fatigue, (+) FANA,                                                                       fatigue, headache                                             (+) anti-DNA, low C3 C4                                         PD 42 C    3 yr                                                                               MR, arthritis, alopecia,                                                                        Arthralgia, MR, OU, fever,                                    OU, (+) FANA, (+) anti-DNA                                                                      fatigue                                        MD 33 C    8 mo                                                                               Arthritis, myalgias, MR,                                                                        Arthralgia                                                    (+) FANA                                                        WM 31 B    10                                                                               yr                                                                               Membranous GN, LAN, s/p                                                                         LAN, proteinuria                                              stroke, seizures,                                                              leukopenia, (+) FANA                                            LG 44 H    21                                                                               mo                                                                               MR, OU, PS, RP, alopecia                                                                        MR, OU, PS, RP, alopecia,                                     vitiligo, arthritis,                                                                            vitiligo, arthritis,                                          myalgia, SS, proteinuria,                                                                       myalgia, SS, proteinuria                                      anemia, (+) FANA, (+) SSA,                                                     (+) anti-RNP                                                    JS 48 C        Thrombocytopenia,                                                              arthritis, alopecia,                                                           hypocomplementemia (+) FANA                                     EH    C    9 yr                                                                               Vasculitis, MR, anemia,                                                                         Vasculitic skin lesions                                       thrombocytopenia (+) FANA                                       LE 49 C        Arthritis, alopecia, MR,                                                                        Arthralgia, fatigue                                           OU, anemia, (+) FANA                                            KW 32 C    9 yr                                                                               MR, OU, RP, fever,                                                                              Arthralgia, myalgia,                                          arthritis, myalgia, SS,                                                                         fever, fatigue, MR                                            stroke, pericarditis,                                                          costochondritis, (+) FANA                                       SM 26 C    3 yr                                                                               Mesangial GN, nephrotic                                                                         Nephrotic syndrome,                                           syndrome, arthritis, MR,                                                                        arthralgia, fatigue                                           fever, fatigue, (+) FANA                                        LA 27 C    8 yr                                                                               MR, LAN, fever, arthritis,                                                                      Arthritis,                                                    SS, mesangial nephritis,                                                                        costochondritis, fever,                                       proteinuria, CNS, (+) FANA                                                                      fatigue, LAN                                   __________________________________________________________________________      Legend:                                                                        MRmalar rash                                                                   OUoral ulcers                                                                  RPRaynaud's phenomenon                                                         SSsicca syndrome                                                               LANlymphadenopathy                                                             CNSCNS involvement                                                             PSphotosensitivity                                                       

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Summary of outcome measures.                                                               Improved Worsened   Same                                           ______________________________________                                         At 3 months (n = 15):                                                          SLE-DAI score 9          5          1                                          Physician OA  10         2          3                                          Patient OA    7          4          4                                          ESR           2          2          11                                         Corticosteroid                                                                               7          0          1                                          dose (n = 8)                                                                   At 5-6 months (n = 7):                                                         SLE-DAI score 4          1          0                                          Physicians OA 5          2          0                                          Patient OA    5          1          1                                          ESR           0          1          6                                          Corticosteroid                                                                               4          0          0                                          dose                                                                           ______________________________________                                          EPLE-DAI was scored as improved/worsened if the change was 10% or greater      Physician OA was scored as improved/worsened if the change was 10% or          greater.                                                                       Patient OA was scored as improved/worsened if the change was 20% or            greater.                                                                       ESR was scored as improved/worsened only if values were outside the norma      range, and change was 20% or greater.                                          Corticosteroid dose was scored as improved/worsened if the change was 20%      or greater.                                                              

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         Tolerance and side effects.                                                    ______________________________________                                         DHEA was overall well tolerated.                                               Side effects included:                                                         Acneiform Dermatitis in 8/15 patients (53%).                                   3 of these patients regarded this as significant, and for one it               was grounds for discontinuation of DHEA.                                       Hirsutism in 2 patients (13%).                                                 Increase in libido in 1 patient (7%), transient (<2 weeks).                    Change in taste perception in 1 patient (7%),                                  transient (<2 weeks).                                                          Striae in 1 patient (13%).                                                     Insomnia in 1 patient (7%), transient (<2 weeks).                              No changes in menstrual cycle were reported.                                   ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                         Medication profiles.                                                           ______________________________________                                         8 patients were on corticosteroids at time of entry                            (average dose 18.3 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent).                        At 3 months, the dose was reduced in 7 and unchanged in 1                      (average dose 12.4 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent).                        8 patients were on anti-malarials at time of entry                             (hydroxychloroquine/7, quinacrine/1). This was                                 unchanged at 3 months.                                                         4 patients were on Azathioprine at time of entry                               (average dose 87.5 mg/day).                                                    At 3 months, azathioprine had been discontinued in one patient,                the dose was unchanged in 3, and one additional patient had been               started on it.                                                                 ______________________________________                                    

It is evident from the above results, that treatment with DHEA or metabolite of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus provides for substantial improvements in the general well-being of the patient, while allowing for the reduction in other drugs which have serious side effects. Thus, one can reduce the use of glucocorticosteroids so as to substantially diminish the side effects associated with these compounds.

All publications and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. In a method of treating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a patient receiving a glucocorticoid, the improvement comprisingadministering to the patient, in addition to said corticosteroid, a dose of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or a derivative thereof in an amount effective to significantly reduce the amount of glucocorticoid required by the patient to provide effective relief from symptoms of SLE.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said dose of DHEA is effective to reduce by at least about 20% the amount of glucocorticoid required to provide relief from symptoms of SLE.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said dose of DHEA is in the range of 25 to 500 mg/day.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said dose of DHEA is in the range of 25 to 200 mg/day.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said glucocorticoid is prednisone.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said reduced dosage of prednisone is less than about 15 mg/day. 